Ma Rainey's Black Bottom is a 1982 play - one of a ten-play cycle by August Wilson, a Pulitzer Prize-winning American playwright - that chronicles twentieth century African American experience. The play is set in Chicago in the 1920s (the only play in the group not set in Pittsburgh), and deals with issues of race, art, religion and the historic exploitation of black recording artists by white producers.

The play's title refers to a song of the same title by Ma Rainey referring to the Black Bottom dance.